Koeppl JW, Hoffmann RS, Nadler CF (1978) Pattern analysis of acoustical behavior in four species of ground squirrels. Jenkins SH, Eshelman BD (1983) Spermophilus beldingi.Am Soc Mammal, Mammalian Sp 221:1–8 Lagomorpha) to naturally occurring terrestrial predators. Ivins BL, Smith AT (1983) Responses of pikas ( Ochotona princeps. Humphries DA, Driver PM (1970) Protean detense by prey animals. Hoogland JL (1983) Nepotism and alarm calling in the blacktailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus). Holmes WG, Sherman PW (1982) The ontogeny of kin recognition in two species of ground squirrels. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Neb, pp 297–320 In: Murie JO, Michener GR (eds) The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels. Holekamp KE (1984b) Dispersal in ground-dwelling sciurids. Holekamp KE (1984a) Natal dispersal in Belding's ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beldingi). PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley Holekamp KE (1983) Proximal mechanisms of natal dispersal in Belding's ground squirrel ( Spermophilus beldingi beldingi). Harris MA, Murie JO, Duncan JA (1983) Responses of Columbian ground squirrels to playback of recorded calls. Hanken J, Sherman PW (1981) Multiple paternity in Belding's ground squirrel litters. Hamilton WD (1971) Geometry for the selfish herd. Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I and II. Greenwood PJ (1980) Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Am Midl Nat 39:513–596įrench AR (1982) Intraspecific differences in the pattern of hibernation in the ground squirrel Spermophilus beldingi. J Mammal 32:437–449įitch HS (1948) Ecology of the California ground squirrel on grazing lands. Am Nat 111:782–785Įvans FC (1951) Notes on a population of the striped ground squirrel ( Citellus tridecemlineatus) in an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan. PhD thesis, University of Arizona, Tucsonĭunford C (1977) Kin selection for ground squirrel alarm calls. Anim Behav 30:1183–1192ĭrabek CM (1970) Ethoecology of the round-tailed ground squirrel, Spermophilus tereticaudus. Z Tierpsychol 66:152–164ĭobson FS (1982) Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Behaviour 76:25–61ĭavis LS (1984) Alarm calling in Richardson's ground squirrels ( Spermophilus richardsonii). Z Tierpsychol 59:338–350Ĭharnov EL, Krebs JR (1975) The evolution of alarm calls: altruism or manipulation? Am Nat 109:107–112Ĭheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1981) Selective forces affecting the predator alarm calls of vervet monkeys. Academic Press, New Yorkīrown CH (1982) Ventroloquial and locatable vocalization in birds. Anim Behav 24:27–35īatschelet E (1981) Circular statistics in biology. Am Midl Nat 94:468–470īarash DP (1976) Social behaviour and individual differences in free-living alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota). J Mammal 47:440–450īarash DP (1975) Marmot alarm-calling and the question of altruistic behavior. Taken together the data suggest that unlike trills, which increase vulnerability to terrestrial predators (Table 1) and function to warn relatives, whistle directly benefit callers by increasing their chances of escaping from hawks.īalph DM, Balph DF (1966) Sound communication of Uinta ground squirrels. The most frequent callers were animals in exposed positions: far from cover and close to the predatory bird (Table 2). 4), and females' tendencies to whistle were not affected by the presence of relatives, including offspring (Fig. Individuals of both sexes and all ages whistled equally often (Fig. Wild raptors were rarely successful at capturing the rodents once a whistle had been given, and fewer callers than noncallers were killed (Table 1). The sight of a flying hawk and the sound of whistles stimulated widespread calling and running to shelter by the ground squirrels (Fig. Data were gathered on 664 ground squirrel-hawk interactions, most of which were induced by flying trained raptors over individually marked study animals of known sex and age. beldingi at Tioga Pass, California, the adaptive significance of the whistle call was investigated. The animals typically give multiple-note trills to predatory mammals, and single-note whistles to flying hawks. Belding's ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beldingi) give acoustically distinct alarm calls to aerial and terrestrial predators.
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